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HSK 7–9 语法

HSK 3.0 官方大纲在第 7–9 级考查的全部 96 个语法点，每一条都写明作用并配一个例句。

语法
HSK 7–9 语法
语法点类别作用（英文）
类前缀"后-、亲-"Word parts语素Prefix-like morphemes: 后- "post-" (后疫情) and 亲- "pro-" (亲环境) coin new nouns and adjectives.后疫情时代，远程办公已成为常态。In the post-pandemic era, remote work has become the norm.
类后缀"-观、-鬼、-界、-然、-坛、-为、-制"Word parts语素Suffix-like morphemes productively form abstract nouns: 价值观, 学术界, 体坛, 终身制, 胆小鬼.这一发现震动了整个学术界。This discovery shook the entire academic world.
动词"恨不得/巴不得"恨不得/巴不得+动词短语Word classes词类Expresses an intense, often unrealizable eagerness: "to itch to, to wish one could".他恨不得立刻飞回家乡看望母亲。He wished he could fly home at once to see his mother.
动词"免不了/犯不着/犯得着"Word classes词类免不了 "cannot avoid"; 犯不着/犯得着 "not worth / worth the trouble of".为这点小事生气，实在犯不着。It is really not worth getting angry over such a trifle.
动词"并非"并非+名词/小句Word classes词类Formal emphatic negation: "is by no means, is not at all".成功并非偶然，而是长期积累的结果。Success is by no means accidental; it is the fruit of long accumulation.
动词"可谓"Word classes词类Formal evaluative verb: "may well be called, can be described as".这场演出可谓精彩绝伦。This performance can well be called spectacular.
动词"所谓"所谓（的）+名词Word classes词类"So-called": quotes or distances the speaker from a label.那些所谓的捷径往往暗藏风险。Those so-called shortcuts often conceal risks.
动词"有所"有所+双音节动词Word classes词类Formal "to some extent": 有所 + bisyllabic verb marks measured change.与去年相比，公司业绩有所增长。Compared with last year, company performance has grown somewhat.
动词"予以"予以+双音节动词Word classes词类Formal "to give, to grant (a treatment)": common in official writing.对违规行为，监管部门将予以处罚。Regulators will impose penalties on violations.
动词"可否"Word classes词类Formal "whether or not it is possible", often in polite requests.可否请您再详细说明一下？Might I ask you to explain in a little more detail?
动词"除外"……除外Word classes词类"Excepted, excluded": placed after the item that is excluded.展馆全年开放，法定节假日除外。The hall is open year-round, statutory holidays excepted.
文言代词"何/彼/兹"Word classes词类Literary pronouns: 何 "what/why", 彼 "that/the other", 兹 "this" - formal written register.此事该从何说起，他一时语塞。Where to even begin with this - he was momentarily at a loss.
代词"这么着/怎么着"Word classes词类Colloquial pro-forms standing in for a manner or action: "like this / do what".你到底想怎么着，痛快点说吧。What exactly do you want? Out with it.
数量代词"若干"若干+（量词）+名词Word classes词类Formal indefinite quantity: "a certain number of, several".报告最后提出了若干条建议。The report closes with a number of recommendations.
名量词：重、截、缕、码、枚、摊、丸、则、幢、宗Word classes词类Advanced nominal classifiers; 枚 counts small objects such as coins, medals, stamps.她在世锦赛上摘得两枚金牌。She took two gold medals at the world championships.
动量词"通"动词+了+（一）通Word classes词类Verbal classifier for a bout of scolding, phoning, drumming, etc.他把儿子狠狠训了一通。He gave his son a good telling-off.
复合量词"人次"数词+人次Word classes词类Compound classifier "person-times", counting cumulative visits or uses.该展览累计接待观众逾百万人次。The exhibition has received over a million visits in total.
程度副词：尤为、分外、颇、愈加、越发等Word classes词类Written-register degree adverbs: 尤为 "especially", 颇 "quite", 愈加/越发 "increasingly".在众多参赛作品中，这一幅尤为出色。Among the many entries, this one is especially outstanding.
范围副词：皆、均、唯、统统、一概等Word classes词类Formal scope adverbs: 均/皆 "all without exception", 唯 "only", 一概 "categorically".双方均对谈判结果表示满意。Both sides expressed satisfaction with the outcome of the talks.
时间副词：届时、尚、随即、历来、一经等Word classes词类Formal time adverbs: 届时 "at that (future) time", 尚 "still", 随即 "right after".决赛下月举行，届时强手云集。The final is next month; strong contenders will gather then.
频率副词：屡次、屡屡、时而、相继、再度等Word classes词类Frequency adverbs of formal register: 屡次/屡屡 "repeatedly", 相继 "one after another", 再度 "once again".他屡次打破全国纪录。He has repeatedly broken the national record.
方式副词：毅然、擅自、竭力、骤然、逐一等Word classes词类Manner adverbs: 毅然 "resolutely", 擅自 "without authorization", 竭力 "with all one’s might".他放弃高薪，毅然回乡创业。He gave up a high salary and resolutely went home to start a business.
否定副词：不见得、绝不、无从、无须、勿Word classes词类Negation adverbs: 无从 "have no way to", 无须 "need not", 勿 "do not (literary)".年代久远，传闻已无从考证。So long ago, the rumor can no longer be verified.
语气副词：不妨、索性、势必、未免、偏偏等Word classes词类Modal adverbs: 索性 "might as well, simply", 不妨 "no harm in", 势必 "be bound to".既然睡不着，他索性起身看书。Unable to sleep, he simply got up to read.
语气副词"何必/何尝/何不/何苦"Word classes词类Rhetorical 何-series adverbs: 何必 "why bother", 何尝 "when ever did", 何苦 "why go to the trouble".都是多年同事，何必斤斤计较？You are colleagues of many years - why haggle over trifles?
判断副词"乃"A乃BWord classes词类Literary copular adverb: "is precisely, is indeed".失败乃成功之母。Failure is the mother of success.
介词"打"（引出时间、处所）打+时间/处所Word classes词类Colloquial preposition "from (a time or place)", equivalent to 从.打这儿往北走，就是老城区。Head north from here and you reach the old town.
介词"当着/就"（引出对象）当着+人+的面Word classes词类当着 "in the presence of"; 就 "with regard to" - introduce the target of an act or comment.他当着全组同事的面承认了失误。He admitted the mistake in front of the whole team.
介词"本着/基于/鉴于/经/依"（引出凭借、依据）Word classes词类Formal prepositions of basis: 本着 "in the spirit of", 基于/鉴于 "based on / in view of", 经 "through", 依 "according to".基于以上数据，我们得出如下结论。Based on the data above, we draw the following conclusion.
连词"若/倘若"倘若……，（就）……Word classes词类Formal hypothetical conjunctions: "if, supposing that".倘若明天下雨，开幕式将改期。Should it rain tomorrow, the opening ceremony will be rescheduled.
连词"免得/以防"……，免得/以防……Word classes词类Preventive conjunctions: "so as to avoid / to guard against".出发前再核对一遍名单，免得出错。Check the list once more before leaving, to avoid mistakes.
连词"况且/加之/乃至/且"Word classes词类Additive conjunctions: 况且 "moreover", 加之 "in addition", 乃至 "and even", 且 "and (literary)".时间尚早，况且路也不远，不必慌张。It is still early, and besides, it is not far - no need to panic.
语气助词"矣/罢了/也罢"Word classes词类Sentence-final particles: literary 矣 marks completion or exclamation; 罢了 "that is all"; 也罢 "so be it".如今再想补救，为时晚矣。To try to remedy it now - it is already too late.
四字格"爱A不A"爱A不APhrases短语Dismissive verb reduplication: "do A or not, as you please".爱信不信，反正我说的都是实话。Believe it or not - everything I said is the truth.
四字格"半A半B/不A不B/非A非B"半A半BPhrases短语Four-character frames of mixed or in-between states: 半信半疑, 不慌不忙, 非亲非故.他对这个说法半信半疑。He half believed and half doubted this claim.
四字格"忽A忽B/时A时B/或A或B/可A可B"忽A忽BPhrases短语Alternation frames: 忽冷忽热, 时好时坏, 或多或少, 可有可无.近来气温忽高忽低，极易感冒。Temperatures have swung up and down lately; it is easy to catch cold.
四字格"东A西B/七A八B/连A带B/自A自B"七A八BPhrases短语Coordination frames of disorder or pairing: 东奔西走, 七嘴八舌, 连滚带爬, 自言自语.会议室里七嘴八舌，久议不决。The meeting room buzzed with competing voices, and no decision came.
四字格"无A不B/无A可B/不A而B"无A可BPhrases短语Literary frames: 无微不至, 无家可归, 不劳而获.谈判破裂，双方已无话可说。With talks collapsed, the two sides had nothing left to say.
话语标记：综上所述、总而言之、归根到底等Phrases短语Summing-up discourse markers: "in summary / all in all / in the final analysis".综上所述，本方案切实可行。To sum up, this plan is practical and feasible.
话语标记：换句话说、话说回来、退一步说等Phrases短语Reformulating and conceding markers: "in other words / then again / even granting that".他没有明确反对，换句话说，尚有余地。He did not object outright; in other words, there is still room.
话语标记：老实说、不瞒你说、说真的等Phrases短语Frankness markers opening a candid remark: "honestly speaking / to tell the truth".老实说，这个结果我并不意外。Honestly, this outcome does not surprise me.
X到这个地步/份上X到这个地步/份上Fixed expressions固定格式"To such a point": marks an extreme, usually regrettable degree.事情闹到这个地步，谁也不愿看到。Nobody wanted things to come to such a pass.
X得要命/要死形容词/动词+得要命Fixed expressions固定格式Extreme-degree complement: "terribly, to death".三伏天里，机房闷得要命。In the dog days, the server room is stiflingly hot.
X都不/没XV都不/没VFixed expressions固定格式Verb-copying emphasis: "without even V-ing".他看都不看就把文件签了。He signed the document without so much as a glance.
X就X个YX就X个YFixed expressions固定格式"If you are going to X, then X thoroughly": urges doing something wholeheartedly.要干就干个漂亮，别拖泥带水。If you are going to do it, do it brilliantly - no half measures.
X了Y，Y了XX了Y，Y了XFixed expressions固定格式Cyclic alternation of two verbs: doing one then the other, on and on.假期里他吃了睡，睡了吃。On holiday he did nothing but eat then sleep, sleep then eat.
X也好，Y也罢X也好，Y也罢，都……Fixed expressions固定格式"Whether X or Y - either way": concessive listing of alternatives.同意也好，反对也罢，请说明理由。Agree or object - either way, please give your reasons.
别提（有）多+形容词+了别提多+形容词+了Fixed expressions固定格式"Indescribably (adjective)": exclamatory intensifier.拿到录取通知那天，他别提多高兴了。The day the admission letter came, he was indescribably happy.
不亚于……A不亚于BFixed expressions固定格式"No less than, second to none compared with".她的中文水平不亚于母语者。Her Chinese is no worse than a native speaker’s.
不知X是/才好不知……才好Fixed expressions固定格式"Not know what one should best do/say": expresses being at a loss.面对众人的夸奖，她不知说什么才好。Faced with everyone’s praise, she did not know what to say.
动不动就……动不动就+动词短语Fixed expressions固定格式"At the slightest provocation, apt to": criticizes over-frequent behavior.他动不动就拿辞职要挟人。He threatens to resign at the drop of a hat.
动词+（得）个X动词+（得/了）个+补语Fixed expressions固定格式V+个+complement: casual emphatic result, e.g. 输了个彻底, 玩个痛快.这场球他们输了个彻底。They lost that match utterly.
该X（就）X，该Y（就）Y该X就X，该Y就YFixed expressions固定格式"Do X when X is due, do Y when Y is due": life goes on as it should.该吃吃，该睡睡，别自己吓自己。Eat when you should, sleep when you should - stop scaring yourself.
何至于……何至于……Fixed expressions固定格式Rhetorical "how could it have come to…": things need not have gone this far.早些体检，何至于拖成大病？With earlier checkups, how could it have become so serious?
仅次于XA仅次于BFixed expressions固定格式"Second only to".该市经济总量仅次于省会。The city’s economic output is second only to the provincial capital’s.
看在X的面子上看在……的面子上Fixed expressions固定格式"For the sake of, out of consideration for (someone’s face)".看在老同学的面子上，这次就算了。For an old classmate’s sake, let it go this once.
有/没什么+动词+头儿有/没什么+V+头儿Fixed expressions固定格式V+头儿 "worth of V-ing": whether something is worth doing.剧情老套，这部剧没什么看头儿。With such a clichéd plot, this show is hardly worth watching.
没什么好+动词+的没什么好+V+的Fixed expressions固定格式"There is nothing worth V-ing about": dismisses the need for an action.事实摆在眼前，没什么好争的。The facts are plain - there is nothing to argue about.
莫过于…………莫过于……Fixed expressions固定格式"Nothing surpasses; the greatest … is".人生至乐，莫过于家人平安团聚。Life’s greatest joy is nothing other than family safe and reunited.
你说你一个X，……你说你一个X，……Fixed expressions固定格式Reproachful opener: "you, of all people - a X - how could you…".你说你一个大人，怎么跟孩子计较？You, a grown-up - how can you bicker with a child?
什么A的B的什么A的B的Fixed expressions固定格式Loose enumeration "things like A and B and so on".什么吃的用的，母亲都备齐了。Food, daily necessities and the like - mother prepared it all.
视……而定视……而定Fixed expressions固定格式"To be decided depending on…".是否延期，视天气情况而定。Whether to postpone depends on the weather.
谈何……谈何+双音节词Fixed expressions固定格式Rhetorical "how can one even speak of…": far easier said than done.资金短缺，扩大生产谈何容易。With funds short, expanding production is easier said than done.
无非/不过/只是……罢了/而已无非……罢了/而已Fixed expressions固定格式"Nothing more than… that is all": downplays significance.他这样说，无非是想安慰你罢了。He said that merely to comfort you, nothing more.
想X之所想，急X之所急想X之所想，急X之所急Fixed expressions固定格式"Think what X thinks, feel the urgency X feels": total devotion to someone’s needs.企业要想用户之所想，急用户之所急。A business must think what users think and feel their urgencies.
向……致以……向……致以……Fixed expressions固定格式Formal formula for extending greetings, thanks or respects.谨向全体医护人员致以崇高的敬意。We extend our highest respects to all medical workers.
要X有/没X，要Y有/没Y要X有X，要Y有YFixed expressions固定格式"Has X when you want X, Y when you want Y": everything (or nothing) one could ask.这地方要山有山，要水有水。This place has mountains if you want them, and water too.
因……而……因……而……Fixed expressions固定格式Formal cause frame: "because of…, therefore…".航班因大雾而延误。The flight was delayed on account of heavy fog.
有何X有何+名词Fixed expressions固定格式Formal interrogative "what … is there": 有何看法/意见/深意.此举有何深意，外界众说纷纭。What deeper meaning this move carries, opinions vary widely.
（在）……之余（在）……之余Fixed expressions固定格式"In the time left over from…; beyond (doing)…".工作之余，他坚持写作。Outside of work, he keeps up his writing.
值此……之际，……值此……之际，……Fixed expressions固定格式Ceremonial opener: "on the occasion of…".值此建校百年之际，谨致贺忱。On the centenary of the school’s founding, we offer congratulations.
比较句"A+形容词+于/过+B"A+形容词+于/过+BSpecial sentence patterns特殊句型Literary comparison with 于/过 after the adjective: 高于, 强过.今年的销量明显高于去年。This year’s sales are clearly higher than last year’s.
一来……，二来……（，三来……）一来……，二来……Sentence patterns句型Parallel listing of reasons: "for one thing…, for another…".他搬家一来图上班近，二来图环境好。He moved partly for the short commute, partly for the environment.
一则……，二则……（，三则……）一则……，二则……Sentence patterns句型Formal enumeration of reasons: "firstly…, secondly…".项目搁浅，一则预算有限，二则人手不足。The project stalled: first, the budget was tight; second, staff were short.
所谓……，就是……所谓……，就是……Sentence patterns句型Expository definition: "what is called X is precisely Y".所谓终身学习，就是把学习变成习惯。So-called lifelong learning means making learning a habit.
或……，或……或……，或……Sentence patterns句型Literary alternative listing: "either… or…; now… now…".周末他或读书，或爬山，从不虚度。On weekends he reads or hikes, never idling.
宁可/宁愿……，也不……宁可……，也不……Sentence patterns句型Preference by sacrifice: "would rather… than…".他宁可通宵加班，也不敷衍了事。He would rather work all night than do a slapdash job.
与其……，宁愿/宁可……与其……，宁可……Sentence patterns句型Comparative preference: "rather than…, one would prefer to…".与其坐等机会，宁可主动出击。Rather than wait for chances, better to take the initiative.
X（倒）是X（了），……X倒是X（了），……Sentence patterns句型Concessive echo: "X it may be, but…".东西好倒是好，就是价格偏高。Good it certainly is - only the price is on the high side.
别看……，……别看……，……Sentence patterns句型"Never mind that…; despite appearances…".别看他年纪小，主意却不少。Never mind his age - he is full of ideas.
虽说……，但/可……虽说……，但/可……Sentence patterns句型Colloquial-formal concession: "though admittedly…, yet…".虽说条件艰苦，但大家干劲十足。Though conditions are hard, everyone is full of drive.
无论……与否，都……无论……与否，都……Sentence patterns句型Unconditional with 与否 "whether or not".无论成功与否，这次尝试都值得。Successful or not, the attempt is worthwhile.
凡……（者），均（可）……凡……者，均（可）……Sentence patterns句型Formal universal condition: "whoever/whatever…, all…".凡年满十八周岁者，均可报名。All who have reached eighteen may register.
假若/假使……，……假若……，……Sentence patterns句型Literary hypothesis: "if, supposing".假若当初听劝，何至于此？Had he heeded the advice back then, would it have come to this?
幸亏/幸好……，不然/否则……幸亏……，不然/否则……Sentence patterns句型"Luckily…, otherwise…".幸亏出门早，不然就误了高铁。Luckily we left early, or we would have missed the train.
纵然/纵使……，也……纵然……，也……Sentence patterns句型Literary concession: "even if…, still…".纵然困难重重，我们也绝不言弃。Even with difficulties piled high, we will never speak of giving up.
（因）……，故……（因）……，故……Sentence patterns句型Literary cause-effect with 故 "therefore".因证据不足，故本案暂缓审理。As evidence is insufficient, the case is therefore postponed.
……，以至（于）…………，以至（于）……Sentence patterns句型Result reaching an extreme: "to the point that".他专心于实验，以至忘了吃饭。He was so absorbed in the experiment that he forgot to eat.
别说……，都/也……别说……，都/也……Sentence patterns句型Escalation: "to say nothing of…, even…".别说熬夜了，他连晚饭都顾不上吃。Never mind staying up late - he cannot even manage dinner.
……不说，还…………不说，还……Sentence patterns句型Piling on: "not to mention…, on top of that…".这款手机贵不说，还特别费电。This phone is expensive, and on top of that it drains the battery.
（连……都……，）更不用说……了连……都……，更不用说……了Sentence patterns句型"Even X…, let alone Y": a fortiori escalation.他连方言都能听懂，更不用说普通话了。He understands even dialects, let alone Mandarin.
……尚且……，（更）何况…………尚且……，（更）何况……Sentence patterns句型"Even… is the case, how much more so…".专家尚且难下结论，何况外行呢？Even experts struggle to conclude - how much more so laypeople?
为（了）……起见，……为……起见，……Sentence patterns句型Purpose formula: "for the sake of…".为安全起见，请系好安全带。For safety’s sake, please fasten your seat belt.
……，以…………，以+动词短语Sentence patterns句型Formal purpose clause introduced by 以 "so as to".公司优化了流程，以提高生产效率。The company streamlined its processes so as to raise efficiency.
非得……才……非得……才……Sentence patterns句型Condensed necessity: "only if… will…; it takes… before…".这台设备非得专业人员才能维修。Only a professional can repair this piece of equipment.
任……也……任……也……Sentence patterns句型Condensed concession: "no matter how…, still…".任大家怎么劝，他也不肯松口。No matter how everyone urged, he would not budge.

来源：HSK 3.0 官方《考试大纲》，2025 年 11 月发布。

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