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HSK 1 Grammatik
Alle 45 Grammatikpunkte, die der offizielle HSK 3.0 Lehrplan auf Stufe 1 prüft, mit Funktion und Beispiel.
Grammatik
| Punkt | Kategorie | Was er leistet |
|---|---|---|
| 前缀“小-” | Word parts语素 | The prefix 小- before a surname or given name makes a friendly, familiar form of address.小王是我的同学。Xiao Wang is my classmate. |
| 前缀“第-”第＋数词 | Word parts语素 | The prefix 第- before a numeral forms ordinal numbers: 第一 first, 第二 second.今天是我上班的第一天。Today is my first day at work. |
| 后缀“-们” | Word parts语素 | The suffix -们 marks plural on pronouns and words for people: 我们, 老师们.我们是学生。We are students. |
| 后缀“-边” | Word parts语素 | The suffix -边 attaches to direction words to form location words: 上边, 前边, 外边.书在桌子上边。The book is on top of the table. |
| 方位名词（上、下、里、外、前、后） | Word classes词类 | Locality nouns like 上, 下, 里, 外 follow a noun to express “on / under / inside / outside”.我的书在家里。My book is at home. |
| 能愿动词“会、能” | Word classes词类 | The modal verbs 会 and 能 before a verb express learned ability (会) or capability/possibility (能).我会说汉语。I can speak Chinese. |
| 能愿动词“想、要” | Word classes词类 | The modal verbs 想 and 要 before a verb express wanting or intending to do something.我想喝茶。I want to drink tea. |
| 能愿动词“可以” | Word classes词类 | The modal verb 可以 expresses permission or possibility: “may / be allowed to”.你可以坐这儿。You may sit here. |
| 离合词（睡觉、说话、上课……）睡觉 → 睡（一个好）觉 | Word classes词类 | Separable verbs like 睡觉, 说话, 上课 are verb+object compounds that act as one verb - and come apart to take 了 or a measure phrase in the middle.我晚上十点睡觉。I go to bed at ten in the evening. |
| 疑问代词（什么、谁、哪儿、几、多少……） | Word classes词类 | Question words like 什么, 谁, 哪儿 stand in the sentence position of the thing being asked about.这是什么？What is this? |
| 人称代词（我、你、您、他、她、大家……） | Word classes词类 | Personal pronouns refer to people; 您 is the polite form of 你.您好，王老师！Hello, Teacher Wang! (polite) |
| 指示代词（这、那、这儿、那儿、这些……） | Word classes词类 | Demonstratives 这 “this” and 那 “that” point to people, things, and places.这是我的书。This is my book. |
| 数词（一……十、百、千、半、二/两） | Word classes词类 | Numerals count things; before a measure word, “two” is 两, not 二.我有两个哥哥。I have two older brothers. |
| 名量词（本、个、家、口、块、件、只、元；杯） | Word classes词类 | A measure word must stand between a number or demonstrative and its noun; 个 is the most general one.我买了三个苹果。I bought three apples. |
| 时量词（日、号、岁、点、分、年、天） | Word classes词类 | Time measure words count dates, ages, and clock time; 岁 counts years of age.你儿子几岁？How old is your son? |
| 程度副词“很、太、非常、真、有点儿” | Word classes词类 | Degree adverbs stand before adjectives; a plain adjective predicate usually takes 很.我今天很忙。I am very busy today. |
| 范围副词“都” | Word classes词类 | The adverb 都 before the verb means “all / both”, covering everything mentioned before it.我们都是学生。We are all students. |
| 时间副词“在、正在”（正）在＋动词（＋呢） | Word classes词类 | 在 or 正在 before the verb marks an action in progress, often with 呢 at the end.他在吃饭。He is eating. |
| 频率副词“再” | Word classes词类 | The adverb 再 before a verb means “again / once more”, for a repeated future action.你明天再来吧。Come again tomorrow. |
| 关联副词“也、还” | Word classes词类 | The adverb 也 before the verb means “also / too”, linking a second parallel statement.我是学生，他也是学生。I am a student, and he is a student too. |
| 否定副词“不” | Word classes词类 | 不 before a verb or adjective negates present, habitual, or intended actions and states.我不是老师。I am not a teacher. |
| 否定副词“没（有）” | Word classes词类 | 没(有) negates possession and completed actions: “not have / did not”.我没有钱。I have no money. |
| 介词“在”（引出时间、处所）在＋处所＋动词 | Word classes词类 | The preposition 在 introduces the place or time of an action, before the verb.我在学校学习。I study at school. |
| 介词“和、对”（引出对象） | Word classes词类 | The preposition 和 introduces the person one does something with; 对 introduces the target “toward”.我和妈妈去商店。I go to the store with Mom. |
| 连词“和”（连接词语） | Word classes词类 | The conjunction 和 joins nouns or noun phrases: “A and B”.我有一只猫和一只狗。I have a cat and a dog. |
| 结构助词“的”定语＋的＋名词 | Word classes词类 | The particle 的 links a modifier to its noun and marks possession: 我的书 “my book”.那是我的书。That is my book. |
| 动态助词“了”动词＋了（＋宾语） | Word classes词类 | The aspect particle 了 right after a verb marks a completed action.我买了三本书。I bought three books. |
| 语气助词“吗”……＋吗？ | Word classes词类 | Sentence-final 吗 turns a statement into a yes-no question.你是学生吗？Are you a student? |
| 语气助词“呢” | Word classes词类 | Sentence-final 呢 asks “what about…?”, softens a question in progress, or asks where something is.我是老师，你呢？I am a teacher - what about you? |
| 语气助词“吧” | Word classes词类 | Sentence-final 吧 makes a suggestion or marks an assumption the speaker expects to be right.我们回家吧。Let’s go home. |
| 语气助词“了”（变化）……＋了 | Word classes词类 | Sentence-final 了 marks a new situation or change of state: “now / anymore”.天气冷了。The weather has gotten cold. |
| 叹词“喂” | Word classes词类 | The interjection 喂 opens a phone call or calls for someone’s attention: “hello?”.喂，你现在忙吗？Hello, are you busy right now? |
| 主谓句1：动词谓语句主语＋动词（＋宾语） | Sentence patterns句型 | The basic sentence: a subject followed by a verb and an optional object.我吃米饭。I eat rice. |
| 主谓句2：形容词谓语句主语＋（副词＋）形容词 | Sentence patterns句型 | An adjective serves directly as the predicate - no 是 is used before it.爸爸今天很忙。Dad is very busy today. |
| 主谓句3：名词谓语句主语＋名词性词语 | Sentence patterns句型 | A noun phrase serves directly as the predicate for dates, times, ages, and prices - no 是 needed.今天星期一。Today is Monday. |
| 非主谓句 | Sentence patterns句型 | A complete utterance without a subject-predicate structure, common in greetings and requests.请坐，请喝茶。Please sit down and have some tea. |
| 正反问句动词＋不＋动词 | Sentence patterns句型 | A yes-no question formed by juxtaposing the positive and negative forms of the verb or adjective.你去不去？Are you going or not? |
| 祈使句（请／不要）不要＋动词 | Sentence patterns句型 | Imperatives use 请 for polite requests and 不要 to tell someone not to do something.不要说话。Don’t talk. |
| “是”字句1（等同或类属）A＋是＋B | Special sentence patterns特殊句型 | 是 links the subject to what it equals or what category it belongs to.我是学生。I am a student. |
| “有”字句1（领有）主语＋有＋宾语 | Special sentence patterns特殊句型 | 有 expresses possession: the subject has something.我有一个姐姐。I have an older sister. |
| 存现句1处所＋有＋数量短语＋名词 | Special sentence patterns特殊句型 | An existence sentence: a place comes first, then 有 (or 是) introduces what exists there.桌子上有三本书。There are three books on the table. |
| 连动句1主语＋动词1（＋宾语）＋动词2（＋宾语） | Special sentence patterns特殊句型 | Two verbs in sequence share one subject; the first is often 去/来 stating purpose or means.我去商店买苹果。I go to the store to buy apples. |
| 双宾语句1主语＋动词＋宾语1＋宾语2 | Special sentence patterns特殊句型 | Some verbs take two objects: first the person, then the thing.妈妈给我十块钱。Mom gives me ten yuan. |
| 时间表示法数词＋点（＋数词＋分） | Special ways of saying things特殊表达法 | Clock time is stated with 点 for the hour and 分 for the minutes, placed before the verb.现在三点十分。It is now ten past three. |
| 钱数表示法数词＋块（钱） | Special ways of saying things特殊表达法 | Prices are counted with 块 (colloquial) or 元 (formal): 三块钱 “three yuan”.这个苹果三块钱。This apple is three yuan. |
Quelle: das offizielle 考试大纲 zu HSK 3.0 vom November 2025.
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